by Md Kawsar Munna | Apr 27, 2021 | Information
Today I wanna tell you the truth that we lose brain cells. What makes it possible?
In 1962, scientist Joseph Altman challenged this belief when he saw evidence of neurogenesis (the birth of neurons) in a region of the adult rat brain called the hippocampus. He later reported that newborn neurons migrated from their birthplace in the hippocampus to other parts of the brain.
In 1979, another scientist, Michael Kaplan, confirmed Altman’s findings in the rat brain, and in 1983 he found neural precursor cells in the forebrain of an adult monkey.
These discoveries about neurogenesis in the adult brain were surprising to other researchers who didn’t think they could be true in humans.
But in the early 1980s, a scientist trying to understand how birds learn to sing suggested that neuroscientists look again at neurogenesis in the adult brain and begin to see how it might make sense.
In a series of experiments, Fernando Nottebohm and his research team showed that the numbers of neurons in the forebrains of male canaries dramatically increased during the mating season. This was the same time in which the birds had to learn new songs to attract females.
Why did these bird brains add neurons at such a critical time in learning? Nottebohm believed it was because fresh neurons helped store new song patterns within the neural circuits of the forebrain, the area of the brain that controls complex behaviors.
These new neurons made learning possible. If birds made new neurons to help them remember and learn, Nottebohm thought the brains of mammals might too.
Other scientists believed these findings could not apply to mammals, but Elizabeth Gould later found evidence of newborn neurons in a distinct area of the brain in monkeys, and Fred Gage and Peter Eriksson showed that the adult human brain produced new neurons in a similar area.
For some neuroscientists, neurogenesis in the adult brain is still an unproven theory. But others think the evidence offers intriguing possibilities about the role of adult-generated neurons in learning and memory.
Cells of all of our tissues are always dying, some at a faster rate than others, even in the absence of trauma, toxins (like alcohol), or disease.
In the aggregate, the number of brain cells slowly grows as our body grows (ie) new cells outnumber dying cells, with growth spurts in infancy and teen years that correspond to growth spurts in the rest of our bodies, and result in leaps in learning and behavioral sophistication during those years.
At about age 21, the total mass of our brain cells plateaus at its maximum, meaning cell death is just balanced by cell growth. In the mid-’20s, the brain cell mass starts to fall, at a slow steady rate that would cross the zero line at about age 110, likely reflecting cell death without much new growth. This is of course, based on average estimates, so there are a few exceptional people who seem to retain the impressive mental capacity for their ages.
The explanation for this is to be found under the topic “senescence” in cell biology. Human cell lines seem to be programmed to have a finite lifetime on the order of a century, after which the cell lines, either individual long-lived cells or the whole family of cells derived from the first ancestor to the last descendent, lose the capacity to continue living or reproducing.
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Every time a neuron in the brain is recovering from activity there is a statistical probability that it will undergo an excitotoxic seizure and be destroyed. In a healthy brain, the strong cleansing circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) maintains a virtually negligible probability for that type of neuron destruction. However, as the infrastructure in the brain ages, the pumped volume of CSF circulating through the brain gradually decreases, and at a critically low volume of CSF circulating through the brain the probability for neuron destruction during recovery from activity increases sufficiently to cause the onset of brain diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
But seriously, we do lose a lot of brain cells as we age. After age 40, the human brain shrinks about 5% every 10 years and is still faster after age 70 (1). The cerebral gyri (folds) become narrower, the sulci (grooves between the gyri) become wider, the cortex (grey matter) gets thinner, and there’s more space between the brain and skull.
Here’s a comparison of MRI images of the brain of a 27-year-old (left) and 87-year-old (right) (2).
It’s not known for certain how much brain shrinkage is due to loss of neurons (nerve cells) versus supporting cells (neuroglia) that constitute the brain, or due to actual loss of neurons versus reduction in the size and extent of branching of existing neurons (3).
Some of the loss of brain volume in old age may be due not to cellular loss but water loss
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by Md Kawsar Munna | Apr 27, 2021 | Psychology
One reason people may find discussing intelligence uncomfortable is the belief that it is something you are born with and so you can do nothing to influence it. This undercuts social equality and feeds into the link between intelligence testing and eugenics, which still looms large for many.
- Exercise:
the brain generates new neurons when you exercise, and interestingly, even if you take long walks.
- Thinking:
once neurogenesis is achieved through exercise, the newly-minted neurons die out naturally unless you strengthen them. This is done when you push your brain to its limits, like solving tough mathematical problems, write a non-trivial computer program, write philosophy, and so forth.
- Mirroring:
the brain has mirror neurons that pick up at the subconscious level whatever it finds in its vicinity. If you are surrounded by smart, intelligent, and wise people, you will slowly become more and more like them. The converse is true too, so avoiding morons is imperative.
- Sleep:
when you sleep at night, and early, getting 8 hours and waking up without an alarm clock, you allow your brain to optimally function.
- Brain food:
certain foods are superfoods for the brain. Dried wolfberries for overall mental optimization, blueberries for enhancing memory, and walnuts for repair, for instance. Have 5 walnuts a week, at the very least. Look, it even looks like your brain. If you can’t have walnuts, consume fish, twice a week.
- De-stressing:
stress reduces brain plasticity, causing mental retardation (you will make bad choices), suggestibility (you will usually agree to whatever people say), and ultimately depression (you will begin to despise yourself). On the flip side, removing stress from your life increases and improves your brain capacity and function. How to de-stress? Avoid the potential sources of stress instead of forcing yourself not to re-act is one method. Another is exercising and building muscle, as muscles absorb your daily stress, leaving your brain free and intact.
- Reading:
updating the cognitive riches of your mind can have long-lasting and life-changing benefits. Read great books by excellent authors, and see for yourself how quickly you will begin to see the world through the new lenses acquired from your readings.
- Love:
yes, indeed. Having love in your life (when you hug your loved one) causes the brain to release oxytocin—the feel-good neuro-chemical—which improves brain function and strengthens your willpower. If you have trouble with human love, get yourself a pet, a cat will do. Cats show humans a great deal of love and are lovable creatures.
For many years, the search for specific intelligence genes proved unfruitful. Recently, however, genetic studies have grown big and powerful enough to identify at least some of the genetic underpinnings of IQ. Although each gene associated with intelligence has only a minuscule effect in isolation, the combined effect of the 500-odd genes identified so far is quite substantial.
“We are still a long way from accounting for all the heritability,” says Plomin, “but just in the last year we have gone from being able to account for about 1 percent of the variance to maybe 10 percent.”
So genes matter, but they are certainly not destiny. “Genetics gives us a blueprint – it sets the limits. But it is the environment that determines where within those limits a person develops,” says psychologist Russell Warne at Utah Valley University.
“About 50 percent of the difference in intelligence between people is due to genetics”
Consider the height, another highly heritable trait. Children will grow taller if they eat a nutritious diet than if they eat a less nutritious one because a good diet helps them achieve their full genetic potential. Likewise with intelligence.
Iodine deficiency during childhood is associated with lower IQ, and addressing this in developing countries has boosted cognitive skills. So too has treating parasitic worms and removing lead from petrol.
Other environmental influences on IQ are not as obvious. Cases of abuse and neglect aside, twin studies reveal that the shared family environment has only a very small effect on cognitive ability. Plomin, therefore, suspects that intelligence has less to do with parenting style than chance.
“It’s idiosyncratic factors that make a difference,” he says, “like the kid becomes ill or something like that – but even then, children tend to bounce back to their genetic trajectory.”
There are many more but this answer will become too long otherwise.
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